The characteristic properties of nanoparticles and their impact on biological functions are entirely different from those of the bulk material [80]. Environ Sci Technol 42:4583–4588, Lok CN, Ho CM, Chen R, He QY, Yu WY, Sun H, Tam PK, Chiu JF, Che CM (2005) Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoparticles ranging between 12 and 307 nm were selected and confirmed the relationship between antibacterial activity and their size. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are sold in different qualities, each with a different thickness and density. The modification took place in two ways: coating with polydopamine (PDA) and covalently functionalizing them with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and (3‐glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). For these reasons, ZnO-NPs have been applied to food packaging. FEMS Microbiol Lett 279:71–76, Sahu D, Kannan GM, Tailang M, Vijayaraghavan R (2016) In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles: a comparison between particle size and cell type. It was found that 90% bacterial colonies perished after exposing them to a dose of 500–1000 μg/ml of zinc oxide nanoparticles only for 6 h. Even the drug-resistant S. aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium bovis when treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles in combination with a low dose of anti-tuberculosis drug, rifampicin (0.7 μg/ml), a significant reduction in their growth was observed. Methods. They can help in activating the enzyme carboxy peptidase, carbonic anhydrase, and alcohol dehydrogenase which help in the digestion of carbohydrate and alcohol. If it is correct, then large amounts of metal nanoparticles are required so that the bacterial cells are completely enveloped and shielded from its environment leaving no chance for nutrition to be absorbed to continue life process. J Trace Elements Med Biol 40:10–23, Siddiqi KS, Husen A, Rao RAK (2018) A review on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biocidal properties. The basic mechanism of bactericidal nature of ZnO nanoparticles includes physical contact between ZnO nanoparticles and the bacterial cell wall, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as free radicals and release of … It has been nicely demonstrated by Nair et al. Intradermal administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles was found to significantly reduce the skin infection and inflammation in mice and also improved infected skin architecture. b C. jejuni cells in the mid-log phase of growth were treated with 0.5 mg/ml of zinc oxide nanoparticles for 12 h under microaerobic conditions [114]. Emerging Technol.—Nanoelectron pp. However, SEM image of the untreated cells clearly showed spiral shapes (Fig. J Phys Condens Mat 16:R829–R858, Moezzi A, Cortie M, McDonagh A (2011) Aqueous pathways for the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The impact of nanoparticles on the growth of bacteria and viruses largely depends on particle size, shape, concentration, agglomeration, colloidal formulation, and pH of the media [106,107,108]. However, it is not essential for metal oxide nanoparticles to enter the bacterial cell to cause toxicity [59]. J Mater Sci Technol 24:2192–2196, Choi OK, Hu ZQ (2008) Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria. The free radicals are so reactive that they cannot stay in free and, therefore, they can either form a molecule or react with a counter ion to give another molecule. However, it is true that zinc oxide can absorb sun light and help in cleaving water molecules which may combine in many ways to give oxygen. It has great potential as a safe antibacterial drug which may replace antibiotics in future. It was further confirmed by measuring glutathione depletion, malondialdehyde production, superoxide dismutase inhibition, and ROS generation. Nano Res Lett 11:482, Siddiqi KS, Rahman A, Tajuddin, Husen A (2016) Biogenic fabrication of iron/iron oxide nanoparticles and their application. Environ Health Perspect 106:375–384, Rikans LE, Hornbrook KR (1997) Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant protection and aging. Food Bioprocess Technol 5:1871–1881, Xie Y, He Y, Irwin LP, Jin T, Shi X (2011) Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni. The aim of this study is evaluating the antibacterial activity of resin composites containing ZnO nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans and examining their physical and mechanical properties. They are nontoxic to the cells because they are already present in our body for the healing of injury. Nano Lett 6:866–870, Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ (2002) Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. The zinc oxide nanoparticles-seller in the market is trying to provide the best zinc oxide nanoparticles and provide it to its customers at the best price to gain the customer’s satisfaction in the market besides gaining satisfaction. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are preferred over other metal oxide nanoparticles because of their bio-compatible nature and excellent antibacterial potentials. [70] have shown that zinc oxide nanoparticles disrupt bacterial cell membrane integrity, reduce cell surface hydrophobicity, and downregulate the transcription of oxidative stress-resistance genes in bacteria. ROS triggered a decrease in mitochondria membrane potential leading to apoptosis [81]. Nanomedicine 7:184–192, Lovric J, Cho SJ, Winnik FM, Maysinger D (2005) Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death. Although there is significant impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on both the aquatic and terrestrial microorganisms and human system, it is yet to be established whether it is due to nanoparticles alone or is a combined effect of the zinc oxide nanoparticles and Zn2+ ions [55, 106, 109, 119]. [100] are highly effective in treating burns, wounds, and diabetic foot ulcers. SEM images of Campylobacter jejuni. a TEM images of untreated normal Salmonella typhimurium cells. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 39:63–72, Mahmud S, Abdullah MJ (2006) Nanotripods of zinc oxide, IEEE Conf. These nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial, anti-corrosive, antifungal and UV filtering properties. Siddiqi, K.S., ur Rahman, A., Tajuddin et al. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1712–1720, Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B (2004) Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. The cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles also depends on the proliferation rate of mammalian cells [66, 93]. Chem Rev 108:2064–2110, Yamamoto O, Hotta M, Sawai J, Sawai J, Sasamoto T, Kojima H (1998) Influence of powder characteristic of ZnO on antibacterial activity: effect of specific surface area. Contact between nanoparticles and the cell wall is sufficient to cause toxicity. Its daily intake in an adult is 8–15 mg/day, of which approximately 5–6 mg/day is lost through urine and sweat. [88] have synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from different zinc salts and observed that nanoparticles obtained from Zn(NO3)2 were smallest in size (12 nm) and largest in surface area (90.4). [2][3][4] The most common use of ZnO nanoparticles is in sunscreen. Papavlassopoulos et al. Nanotoxicity is essentially related to the microbial cell membrane damage leading to the entry of nanoparticles into the cytoplasm and their accumulation [55]. It has been shown from TEM images that the nanoparticles have high impact on the cell surface (Fig. It was also noted that the size of zinc oxide nanoparticles ranging between 50 and 500 nm have identical effect on bacterial growth inhibition. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were applied as an adsorbent to remove F ions from aqueous solutions. 4) which was further confirmed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Nano Res Lett 11:363, Siddiqi KS, Husen A (2016) Engineered gold nanoparticles and plant adaptation potential. The zinc oxide nanoparticles have been shown to be cytotoxic to different primary immune-competent cells. Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Activity Against Microbes. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are the semiconductor materials having band gap energy 3.37 eV and very large excitation binding energy (60meV) at room temperature. Low concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles is ineffective, but at higher concentration (100 μg/ml), they exhibited cytotoxicity which varies from one pathogen to another. They have a large surface area relative to their size and high catalytic activity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) that have diameters less than 100 nanometers. J Nanobiotechnol 3:6, Huang Z, Zheng X, Yan D, Yin G, Liao X, Kang Y, Yao Y, Huang D, Hao B (2008) Toxicological effect of ZnO nanoparticles based on bacteria. J Nanopart Res 9:479–489, Sawai J, Shoji S, Igarashi H, Hashimoto A, Kokugan T, Shimizu M, Kojima H (1998) Hydrogen peroxide as an antibacterial factor in zinc oxide powder slurry. IET Nanobiotechnol 7:90–99, Sharma V, Anderson D, Dhawan A (2012) Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and ROS-triggered mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human liver cells (HepG2). J Nanosci 2016:4023852, Ng CT, Yong LQ, Hande MP, Ong CN, Yu LE, Bay BH, Baeg GH (2017) Zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit cytotoxicity and genotoxicity through oxidative stress responses in human lung fibroblasts and Drosophila melanogaster. It has been suggested that Zn2+ ions are attached to the biomolecules in the bacterial cell via electrostatic forces. As of 2011 there were no known human illnesses resulting from any engineered nanoparticles. When the size is 12 nm, it inhibits the growth of S. aureus, but when the size exceeds 100 nm, the inhibitory effect is minimal [89]. Google Scholar, Husen A, Siddiqi KS (2014) Plants and microbes assisted selenium nanoparticles: characterization and application. Zinc oxide nanoparticles can therefore be used in preventing the biological system from infections. 1). However, the production of H2O2 and its involvement in the activation of nanoparticles cannot be ignored. 5c, d). Because they are very tiny, nanoparticles generally can travel throughout the body, and have been shown in animal studies to penetrate the placenta, blood–brain barrier, individual cells, and their nuclei. Springer Nature. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20:S235–S241, Raghupathi KR, Koodali RT, Manna AC (2011) Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Mater Chem Phys 114:943–947, Soares NFF, Silva CAS, Santiago-Silva P, Espitia PJP, Gonçalves MPJC, Lopez MJG, Miltz J, Cerqueira MA, Vicente AA, Teixeira J, da Silva WA, Botrel DA (2009) Active and intelligent packaging for milk and milk products. As a consequence of it, the intracellular material leaks out leading to cell death, regardless of the thickness of bacterial cell wall. Nanomedicine 10:1195–1208, Siddiqi KS, Husen A (2017) Plant response to engineered metal oxide nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 40:4346–4352, Pati R, Mehta RK, Mohanty S, Padhi A, Sengupta M, Vaseeharan B, Goswami C, Sonawane A (2014) Topical application of zinc oxide nanoparticles reduces bacterial skin infection in mice and exhibits antibacterial activity by inducing oxidative stress response and cell membrane disintegration in macrophages. Environ Pollut 150:243–250, Kahru A, Ivask A, Kasemets K, Pollumaa L, Kurvet I, François M, Dubourguier HC (2005) Bio-tests and biosensors in ecotoxicological risk assessment of field soils polluted with zinc, lead and cadmium. In the recent past, antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticle has been investigated against four known gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The generation of ROS through photocatalysis is also a reason of antibacterial activity [62, 112]. The UV-vis absorption … This study focuses on the reinforcement of an epoxy resin system (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in their pristine form and a further modified form. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Nano Res Lett 11:498, Siddiqi KS, Husen A (2017) Recent advances in plant-mediated engineered gold nanoparticles and their application in biological system. 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Medium exhibits peaks between 370 and 385 nm [ 113 ] author in PubMed Scholar! 91 ] examined the concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in human lung MRC5 cells Lett 13, 141 ( 2018.. Mg-63 ), and industry ) Handbook on the cells ( marked with arrows ) nanoparticles was found significantly! And internalization of zinc oxide nanoparticles depends mainly on the morphologies of tetrapod ZnO nanocrystals research data is combined... A concentration of nanoparticles influences cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles can leach into runoff water travel! Zno-Nps have been shown to be cytotoxic to different sensitivity of cells exposed to. Pathogens but spare the human lung MRC5 cells investigated for inhibition and inactivation of cell growth BA, M... Nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation method from zinc oxide nanoparticles ( ZnO-NPs ) have well! Have also been reported that the metal oxide nanoparticle tetrapods by entirely a route.

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