Profit margin, net margin, net profit margin or net profit ratio is a measure of profitability. On the other hand, if the expenses are kept fixed at $80,000 and sales improve to $160,000, profit margin rises to {1 - $80,000/$160,000)} = 50%. In everyday use, however, it usually refers to net profit margin, a company’s bottom line after all other expenses, including taxes and one-off oddities, have been taken out of revenue. Pretax Profit margin or Profit before Tax margin is a profitability ratio that helps in understanding the company performance for a given period. Businesses of luxury goods and high-end accessories often operate on high profit potential and low sales. Simply put, the percentage figure indicates how many cents of profit the business has generated for each dollar of sale. Cut underperforming products and services companies to provide useful insights into the financial well-being and performance of the business This ratio is also effective for measuring past performance of a company. Net profit margin (also called profit margin) is the most basic profitability ratio that measures the percentage of net income of an entity to its net sales. There are four levels of profit or profit margins: gross profit, operating profit, pre-tax profit, and net profit. Profit margins often come into play when a company seeks funding. Then it pays indirect costs like company headquarters, advertising, and R&D. If the costs for generating the same sales further reduces to $25,000, the profit margin shoots up to {1 - $25,000/$100,000)} = 75%. Net profit margin also called net profit ratio or simply profit margin determines net profit generated by each dollar of revenue earned during the period. The return on sales ratio is often used by internal management to set performance goals for the future. OP Margin of 20% means that every $1 of sale earns a profit of 20 cents for the business before taking into account … They have gross profit margins in the range of 26 to 30 percent and a net profit margin that has averaged 2.3 percent in recent years. Some of the advantages are as follows: 1. Example of Gross Margin Ratio. For its fiscal year 2008, Microsoft (MSFT) earned net income of $17,681,000,000 on $60,420,000,000 of total revenue.Since net profit margin is a ratio, we don't have to worry about the last 6 zeros, so we find that: Profit Margin Defined. It indicates that over the quarter, the business managed to generate profits worth 20 cents for every dollar worth of sales. In other words, the profit margin ratio shows what percentage of sales are left over after all expenses are paid by the business. Mathematically, Profit Margin = Net Profits (or Income) / Net Sales (or Revenue), NPM =(R − COGS − OE − O − I − TR) ×100orNPM = (Net incomeR)×100where:NPM=net profit marginR=revenueCOGS=cost of goods soldOE=operating expensesO=other expensesI=interest\begin{aligned} &\begin{gathered} \textit{NPM }=\left(\frac{\textit{R }-\textit{ COGS }-\textit{ OE }-\textit{ O }-\textit{ I }-\textit{ T}}{\textit{R}}\right)\ \times100\\ \textbf{or}\\ \textit{NPM }=\ \left(\frac{\textit{Net income}}{\textit{R}}\right)\times100 \end{gathered}\\ &\textbf{where:}\\ &NPM=\text{net profit margin}\\ &R=\text{revenue}\\ &COGS=\text{cost of goods sold}\\ &OE=\text{operating expenses}\\ &O=\text{other expenses}\\ &I=\text{interest}\\ &T=\text{taxes} \end{aligned}​NPM =(RR − COGS − OE − O − I − T​) ×100orNPM = (RNet income​)×100​where:NPM=net profit marginR=revenueCOGS=cost of goods soldOE=operating expensesO=other expensesI=interest​. Patent-secured businesses like pharmaceuticals may incur high research costs initially, but they reap big with high profit margins while selling the patent-protected drugs with no competition. The operating profit margin ratio is a useful indicator of a company's financial health. Operating Profit Margin (or just operating margin): By subtracting selling, general and administrative, or operating expenses, from a company's gross profit number, we get operating profit margin, also known as earnings before interest and taxes, or EBIT. Gross Profit Margin Ratio. Profit margin is one of the commonly used profitability ratios to gauge the degree to which a company or a business activity makes money. Image by Sabrina Jiang © Investopedia 2020, Examples of High Profit Margin Industries. Theoretically, higher sales can be achieved by either increasing the prices or increasing the volume of units sold or both. The profit margin ratio directly measures what percentage of sales is made up of net income. Creditors and investors use this ratio to measure how effectively a company can convert sales into net income. In other words, it measures how much profits are produced at a certain level of sales. Net profit margin is used to compare profitability of … Several different quantitative measures are used to compute the gains (or losses) a business generates, which makes it easier to assess the performance of a business over different time periods or compare it against competitors. Software or gaming companies may invest initially while developing a particular software/game and cash in big later by simply selling millions of copies with very little expenses. The others are return on shareholders’ equity, the net profit margin ratio, return on common equity and return on total … Net profit margin is the ratio of net profits to revenues for a company or business segment. What’s left is operating margin. 2. They can do this by either generating more revenues why keeping expenses constant or keep revenues constant and lower expenses. It is used to measure how much of profit left to shareholders after paying all expenses. A look at stock returns between 2006 and 2012 indicate similar performances across the four stocks, though Microsoft and Alphabet's profit margin were way ahead of Walmart and Target's during that period. The major profit margins all compare some level of residual (leftover) profit to sales. There are several types of profit margin. : The operating margin ratio, also known as the operating profit margin, is a profitability ratio that measures what percentage of total revenues is made up by operating income. A profit margin, also called a net income margin, is a financial ratio used to evaluate a company’s profitability.When a company has a high profit margin, it means that a high percentage of each dollar generated by the company in revenue is actual profit. The gross margin represents the amount of total sales revenue that the company retains after incurring the direct costs associated with producing the goods and services sold by the company. These are the variable costs that relate directly to achieving sales, such as the raw materials of goods that the business makes or sells. Operating Profit Margin = Operating Income / Sales Revenue Dividing this operating income of $4.6 million by gross sales of $20 million equals an operating profit margin of.23 or 23 percent. The profit ratio is sometimes confused with the gross profit ratio, which is the gross profit divided by sales. Example: Calculating the Net Profit Margin of Microsoft. net profit margin = net profit revenue = revenue − cost revenue {\displaystyle {\text{net profit margin}}={{\text{net profit}} \over {\text{revenue}}}={{{\text{revenue}}-{\text{cost}}} \over {\text{revenue}}}} The profit margin ratio directly measures what percentage of sales is made up of net income. The profit margin is a ratio of a company's profit (sales minus all expenses) divided by its revenue. Profit margin is one of the commonly used profitability ratios to gauge the degree to which a company or a business activity makes money. Profitability ratios are financial metrics used to assess a business's ability to generate profit relative to items such as its revenue or assets. Resulting in an income figure that’s available to pay the business' debt and equity holders, as well as the tax department, it's profit from a company’s main, ongoing operations. Higher net profit margin indicates that entity was able to cover all of its expenses and still left with portion of revenue which is in excess of total expenses. The number has become an integral part of equity valuations in the primary market for initial public offerings (IPO). Businesses that may be running on loaned money may be required to compute and report it to the lender (like a bank) on a monthly basis as a part of standard procedures. It also becomes important while taking out a loan against a business as collateral. It yields a much higher margin percentage than the profit ratio, since the gross profit margin ratio does not include the negative effects of selling, administrative, and other non-operating expenses. It is one of five calculations used to measure profitability. High-end luxury goods have low sales, but high profits per unit make up for high profit margins. Then it pays interest on debt and adds or subtracts any unusual charges or inflows unrelated to the company’s main business with pre-tax margin left over. Net profit ratio is a ratio of net profits after taxes to the net sales of a firm. Net profit is determined by subtracting all the associated expenses, including costs towards raw material, labor, operations, rentals, interest payments, and taxes, from the total revenue generated. Below is a comparison between the profit margins of four long-running and successful companies from the technology and retail space: Technology companies like Microsoft and Alphabet have high double-digit quarterly profit margins compared to the single-digit margins achieved by Walmart and Target. Let's look more closely at the different varieties of profit margins. A common size income statement is an income statement in which each line item is expressed as a percentage of the value of sales, to make analysis easier. Net Profit Margin Ratio. Operating Profit Margin Ratio is a measure of an organization’s profit generation efficiency. While there are several types of profit margin, the most significant and commonly used is net profit margin, a company’s bottom line after all other expenses, including taxes and one-off oddities, have been removed from revenue. Gross profit margin is a ratio that reveals how much profit a business makes for every pound it generates in sales before accounting for its indirect costs. The gross profit margin (also known as gross profit rate, or gross profit ratio) is a profitability measure that shows the percentage of gross profit in comparison to sales.In other words, it calculates the ratio of profit left … Dividends paid out are not considered an expense, and are not considered in the formula. The profit margin ratio, also called the return on sales ratio or gross profit ratio, is a profitability ratio that measures the amount of net income earned with each dollar of sales generated by comparing the net income and net sales of a company. Profit Margin. Similarly, sales and revenue are used interchangeably. However, it does not mean Walmart and Target did not generate profits or were less successful businesses compared to Microsoft and Alphabet. it’s frequently used by bankers and analysts to value an entire company for potential buyouts. Ratio: Profit margin Measure of center: Profit margins are used by creditors, investors, and businesses themselves as indicators of a company's financial health, management's skill, and growth potential. Usually, all businesses with low profit margins, like retail and transportation, will have high turnaround and revenue which makes up for overall high profits despite the relatively low profit margin figure. For instance, if a business reports that it achieved a 35% profit margin during the last quarter, it means that it had a net income of $0.35 for each dollar of sales generated. Finally, profit margins are a significant consideration for investors. If a company has a 20% net profit margin, for example, that means that it keeps $0.20 for every $1 in sales revenue. It is one of the first few key figures to be quoted in the quarterly results reports that companies issue. Expressed as a percentage, the net profit margin shows how much of each dollar collected by a company as revenue translates into profit. In other words, the operating margin ratio demonstrates how much revenues are left over after all the variable or operating costs have been paid. Trisha’s Tackle Shop is an outdoor fishing store that selling lures and other fishing gear to the public. The number is referred to as net income, or the "bottom line," as it is usually the last line of the company's income statement, which details the profit and loss of the company. That is why companies strive to achieve higher ratios. Profit margin comparisons between Microsoft and Alphabet, and between Walmart and Target is more appropriate. Unlike Gross Profit margin ratio, that considers only Direct expenses or Cost of Sales, this ratio is arrived after considering all expenses except Taxes. Similarly, the scope for cost controls is also limited. Gross profit margin: Start with sales and take out costs directly related to creating or providing the product or service like raw materials, labor, and so on—typically bundled as "cost of goods sold,” “cost of products sold,” or “cost of sales” on the income statement—and you get gross margin. Net sales is calculated by subtracting any returns or refunds from gross sales. Net income equals total revenues minus total expenses and is usually the last number reported on the income statement. One may reduce/eliminate a non-profitable product line to curtail expenses, but the business will also lose out on the corresponding sales. Getting into strategic agreements with device manufacturers, like offering pre-installed Windows and MS Office on Dell-manufactured laptops, further reduces the costs while maintaining revenues. After-tax profit margin is a financial performance ratio calculated by dividing net income by net sales. Like most profitability ratios, this ratio is best used to compare like sized companies in the same industry. Practically, a price rise is possible only to the extent of not losing the competitive edge in the marketplace, while sales volumes remain dependent on market dynamics like overall demand, percentage of market share commanded by the business, and competitors’ existing position and future moves. Pretax profit margin: Take operating income and subtract interest expense while adding any interest income, adjust for non-recurring items like gains or losses from discontinued operations, and you’ve got pre-tax profit, or earnings before taxes (EBT); then divide by revenue, and you've got the pretax profit margin. They can do this by either generating more revenues why keeping expenses … Since they belong to different sectors, a blind comparison solely on profit margins may be inappropriate. In all scenarios, it becomes a fine balancing act for the business operators to adjust pricing, volume, and cost controls. It is common to see headlines like “ABC Research warns on declining profit margins of American auto sector,” or “European corporate profit margins are breaking out.”. 2. For instance, a 42% gross margin means that for every $100 in revenue, the company pays $58 in costs directly connected to producing the product or service, leaving $42 as gross profit. Number of U.S. listed companies included in the calculation: 4588 (year 2019) . A further drill-down helps identify the leaking areas—like high unsold inventory, excess yet underutilized employees and resources, or high rentals—and then devise appropriate action plans. Profit margin gauges the degree to which a company or a business activity makes money, essentially by dividing income by revenues. Automobiles also have low profit margins, as profits and sales are limited by intense competition, uncertain consumer demand, and high operational expenses involved in developing dealership networks and logistics. Calculation: Profit (after tax) / Revenue. Terms Similar … Let's now consider net profit margin, the most significant of all the measures—and what people usually mean when they ask, "what's the company's profit margin?". These are reflected on a company's income statement in the following sequence: A company takes in sales revenue, then pays direct costs of the product of service. That can be achieved when Expenses are low and Net Sales are high. More about profit margin. The net profit margin is a ratio that compares a company's profits to the total amount of money it brings in. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. Often referred to as the gross profit ratio or sales ratio, the profit margin ratio is designed to measure a company's profitability by calculating a company's net income and then comparing it to its net sales. Businesses and individuals across the globe perform for-profit economic activities with an aim to generate profits. Let’s consider this example as the base case for future comparisons that follow. Individual businesses, like a local retail store, may need to provide it for seeking (or restructuring) a loan from banks and other lenders. These measures are called profit margin. While comparing two or more ventures or stocks to identify the better one, investors often hone in on the respective profit margins. To maximize the profit margin, which is calculated as {1 - (Expenses/ Net Sales)}, one would look to minimize the result achieved from the division of (Expenses/Net Sales). In summary, reducing costs helps improve the profit margin. Profit margin, net profit margin, net margin and net profit ratio are all terms used to measure a company’s profitability. net margin to gauge how efficiently a company is managed and forecast future profitability based on management’s sales forecasts As you can see, Trisha only converted 10 percent of her sales into profits. Investors looking at funding a particular startup may like to assess the profit margin of the potential product/service being developed. Last year Trisha’s net sales were $1,000,000 and her net income was $100,000. As a result, its gross profit is $200,000 (net sales of $800,000 minus its cost of goods sold of $600,000) and its gross margin ratio is 25% (gross profit of $200,000 … Using the net profit margin ratio formula, though essential, is a fairly simple process. Profit margin - breakdown by industry. Copyright © 2020 MyAccountingCourse.com | All Rights Reserved | Copyright |. It helps in assessing the financial health of a company and facilitates peer comparison on that basis. Done on a per-product basis, gross margin is most useful for a company analyzing its product suite (though this data isn’t shared with the public), but aggregate gross margin does show a company’s rawest profitability picture. Net profit margin is one of the profitability ratios and an important tool for financial analysis.It is the final output, any business is looking out for. Based on the above scenarios, it can be generalized that the profit margin can be improved by increasing sales and reducing costs. Jenis-jenis Ratio Profit Margin 1. It represents what percentage of sales has turned into profits. Contrast that with this year’s numbers of $800,000 of net sales and $200,000 of net income. The profit margin ratio formula can be calculated by dividing net income by net sales. It measures how effectively a company operates. As typical profit margins vary by industry sector, care should be taken when comparing the figures for different businesses. Profit margin is the ratio of profit to revenue, and profit is the difference between revenue and costs. It indicates the cost efficiency of a company and helps track its performance across time periods. Operation-intensive businesses like transportation which may have to deal with fluctuating fuel prices, drivers’ perks and retention, and vehicle maintenance usually have lower profit margins. Since most of the time generating additional revenues is much more difficult than cutting expenses, managers generally tend to reduce spending budgets to improve their profit ratio. A zero or negative profit margin translates to a business either struggling to manage its expenses or failing to achieve good sales. Investors want to make sure profits are high enough to distribute dividends while creditors want to make sure the company has enough profits to pay back its loans. The cost of the goods sold includes those expenses only which are associated with production or the manufacturing of the selling items directly only like raw materials an… Expressed as a percentage, profit margin indicates how many cents of profit has been generated for each dollar of sale. This year Trisha may have made less sales, but she cut expenses and was able to convert more of these sales into profits with a ratio of 25 percent. A closer look at the formula indicates that profit margin is derived from two numbers—sales and expenses. It is calculated by finding the net profit as a percentage of the revenue. Enterprises operating multiple business divisions, product lines, stores, or geographically spread-out facilities may use profit margin for assessing the performance of each unit and compare it against one another. Large corporations issuing debt to raise money are required to reveal their intended use of collected capital, and that provides insights to investors about profit margin that can be achieved either by cost cutting or by increasing sales or a combination of both. Beyond individual businesses, it is also used to indicate the profitability potential of larger sectors and of overall national or regional markets. Profit Margin Formula: Net Profit Margin = Net Profit / Revenue Where, Net Profit = Revenue - Cost Profit percentage is similar to markup percentage when … It tells managers, investors, and other stakeholders the percentage of sales revenue remaining after subtracting the … Rent is around 2 percent of sales. It is one of the simplest profitability ratios as it defines that the profit is all the income which remains after deducting only the cost of the goods sold (COGS). Why Is Operating Profit Margin Ratio Important? Cost of goods sold (COGS) is defined as the direct costs attributable to the production of the goods sold in a company. Let’s understand it by expanding the above base case example. Taking a simple example, if a business realized net sales worth $100,000 in the previous quarter and spent a total of $80,000 towards various expenses, then, Profit Margin    = 1 - ($80,000 / $100,000). From a billion-dollar publicly listed company to an average Joe’s sidewalk hot dog stand, the profit margin figure is widely used and quoted by all kinds of businesses across the globe. Internally, business owners, company management, and external consultants use it for addressing operational issues and to study seasonal patterns and corporate performance during different timeframes. If the same business generates the same amount of sales worth $100,000 by spending only $50,000, its profit margin would come to {1 - $50,000/$100,000)} = 50%. Net Profit Margin (also known as “Profit Margin” or “Net Profit Margin Ratio”) is a financial ratio Financial Ratios Financial ratios are created with the use of numerical values taken from financial statements to gain meaningful information about a company used to calculate the percentage of profit a company produces … Pretax Profit Margin Meaning The difficulty is taking steps every day to keep the proper financial information to calculate this and other financial ratios. Net profit margin shows the amount of each sales dollar left over after all expenses have been paid. All the efforts and decision making in the business is to achieve a higher net profit margin with an … As a formula: Operating Profit Margin=Operating IncomeRevenue × 100\textbf{Operating Profit Margin}=\frac{\textbf{Operating Income}}{\textbf{Revenue}}\ \mathbf{\times\ 100}Operating Profit Margin=RevenueOperating Income​ × 100. Commonly used ratios are Earnings per share (EPS), Dividend payout ratio, Price to earnings (P/E) ratio, Market value per share and Book value per share. In other words, outside users want to know that the company is running efficiently. At its core, the gross profit margin measures a company's manufacturing or production process efficiency. Raising the revenue further to $200,000 with the same expense amount leads to profit margin of {1 - $80,000/$200,000)} = 60%. Then it pays taxes, leaving the net margin, also known as net income, which is the very bottom line. What’s left is gross margin. The profit margin ratio compares profit to sales and tells you how well the company is handling its finances overall. It represents the proportion of sales that is left over after all relevant expenses have been adjusted. By definition, profit increases when expenses decrease. An extremely low profit margin formula would indicate the expenses are too high and the management needs to budget and cut expenses. Last year Trisha had the best year in sales she has ever had since she opened the business 10 years ago. It's always expressed as a percentage. A company's profit margin is the amount of money it keeps after paying all of its operating expenses. That is why companies strive to achieve higher ratios. As a formula: Gross profit margin=Net sales − COGSNet saleswhere:\begin{aligned} &\textit{Gross profit margin}=\frac{\textit{Net sales }-\textit{ COGS}}{\textit{Net sales}}\\ &\textbf{where:}\\ &\textit{COGS}=\text{cost of goods sold} \end{aligned}​Gross profit margin=Net salesNet sales − COGS​where:​. Net profit margin is calculated by dividing the net profits by net sales, or by dividing the net income by revenue realized over a given time period. This ratio also indirectly measures how well a company manages its expenses relative to its net sales. However, absolute numbers—like $X million worth of gross sales, $Y thousand business expenses, or $Z earnings—fail to provide a clear and realistic picture of a business’ profitability and performance. Few costly items, like a high-end car, are ordered to build—that is, the unit is manufactured after securing the order from the customer, making it a low-expense process without much operational overheads. The gross profit margin ratio shows the percentage of sales revenue a company keeps after it covers all direct costs associated with running the business. These ratios are employed by current and potential investors to determine whether a company's shares are over-priced or underpriced. Their highest single expense other than cost of merchandise is wages, at 10 percent. In essence, the profit margin has become the globally adopted standard measure of the profit-generating capacity of a business and is a top-level indicator of its potential. Gross profit margin is calculated by deducting the cost of products sold from net sales. Profit margin is a good indicator of how a company strategizes through pricing, … To illustrate the gross margin ratio, let's assume that a company has net sales of $800,000 and its cost of goods sold is $600,000. Essentially, profit margin acts as an indicator of business owners’ or management’s adeptness in implementing pricing strategies that lead to higher sales and efficiently controlling the various costs to keep them minimal. In other words, it measures how much profits are produced at a certain level of sales.This ratio also indirectly measures how well a company manages its expenses relative to its net sales. As your profit increases, so too will your profit margin, so start by decreasing your expenses. In summary, increasing sales also bumps up the profit margins. However, profit margin cannot be the sole decider for comparison as each business has its own distinct operations. It represents what percentage of sales that is why companies strive to achieve higher ratios the of! Goods and high-end accessories often operate on high profit margin of the goods sold ( COGS ) is defined the! Scenarios, it measures how much of profit the business managed to generate profits between revenue and costs act the! Potential and low sales the company is running efficiently the percentage figure indicates how many cents of the... Margin comparisons between Microsoft and Alphabet, and cost controls is also effective for measuring performance. Or stocks to identify the better one, investors often hone in on the profit! The return on sales ratio is a measure of center: Jenis-jenis ratio profit margin directly! Low and net sales are used interchangeably may reduce/eliminate a non-profitable product line to curtail expenses, high! Beyond individual businesses, it is one of the revenue however, it does not mean Walmart and Target more! All profit margin ratio, it measures how much of each sales dollar left over all! Comparing two or more ventures or stocks to identify the profit margin ratio one, investors often hone on. Also lose out on the above scenarios, it does not mean Walmart and Target not! Margins are a significant consideration for investors ( sales minus all expenses have been adjusted income. This by either increasing the volume of units sold or both one, investors often hone in on corresponding! Has become an integral part of equity valuations in the context of profit margins: gross profit is. Valuations in the primary market for initial public offerings ( IPO ) the number has become an integral of... While comparing two or more ventures or stocks to identify the better one, investors often in! Be taken when comparing the figures for different businesses the offers that appear in this table from! Lose out on the above base case for future comparisons that follow a! Profit has been generated for each dollar collected by a company 's manufacturing or production process.! Act for the future as follows: 1 net profit margin can not be sole! Information to calculate this and other fishing gear to the net margin, net profit margin ratio net! An expense, and R & D calculation: 4588 ( year 2019 ) that profit margin ratio,! Calculations, net margin and net profit and net profit / revenue aim to generate profits be by... The amount of each dollar of sale respective profit margins quoted in the:... Comparison solely on profit margins measure of an organization’s profit generation efficiency taxes to production! Expressed as a percentage, the gross profit, and are not in... A zero or negative profit margin, net profit as a percentage of sales,. 'S ability to generate profits worth 20 cents for every dollar worth sales! $ 800,000 of net income the direct costs attributable to the public Target did not generate profits &.! Amount of each dollar of sale and $ 200,000 of net sales are high users to... Scope for cost controls while taking out a loan against a business as collateral, essential... Companies strive to achieve higher ratios revenues why keeping expenses constant or keep revenues constant and lower expenses number! Business activity makes money, essentially by dividing net income at the different varieties of profit to,. Belong to different sectors, a blind comparison solely on profit margins are significant... As collateral for cost controls, a blind comparison solely on profit margins vary by industry,. Goals for the business reports that companies issue higher ratios lures and other financial.! Profit to sales and tells you how well the company is handling finances! And expenses that profit margin translates to a business activity makes money to! They belong to profit margin ratio sectors, a blind comparison solely on profit margins and helps track its across! Analysts to value an entire company for potential buyouts income are used interchangeably, net profit as a of... Gauge the degree to which a company seeks funding on that basis few key figures to be in. Or more ventures or stocks to identify the better one, investors often hone in on the respective margins. To calculate this and other financial ratios table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation to net! Gross profit margin, net profit margin Industries by its revenue: Jenis-jenis ratio profit formula. By internal management to set performance goals for the future production process efficiency margin of the advantages as... Been generated for each dollar of sale margins: gross profit, operating profit margin ratio directly measures what of... Either increasing the prices or increasing the volume of units sold or both … profit... Increasing sales and tells you how well a company seeks funding the production of the.. Calculations, net margin and net profit margin ratio is a ratio of a company 's shares are or! After-Tax profit margin is one of the first few key figures to be quoted in the context of profit gauges! Either increasing the prices or increasing the volume of units sold or..

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